Forearm fractures are common orthopedic injuries involving the two long bones of the forearm—the radius and ulna. These bones play a vital role in the function of the upper limb, providing stability, strength, and mobility. The forearm allows for two essential motions, pronation (turning the palm downward) and supination (turning the palm upward), in addition to assisting in elbow flexion and wrist stability. Because of its complex anatomy and involvement in daily activities, fractures of the forearm can significantly impair function and, if not treated properly, may lead to deformity, loss of motion, and chronic disability.
Forearm fractures occur across all age groups, from children to the elderly, and can range from simple cracks in the bone to severe, complex injuries involving multiple fragments, displacement, or open wounds.
The forearm consists of two parallel bones:
Both bones are connected by the interosseous membrane, which distributes forces and maintains alignment during pronation and supination. The close relationship between radius, ulna, wrist, and elbow joints means that a fracture in one bone often affects the other.
Forearm fractures are usually caused by trauma. The common causes include:
Forearm fractures are classified based on location, pattern, and the bones involved.
Patients with a forearm fracture typically present with:
Treatment depends on the type of fracture, displacement, age of the patient, and associated injuries.
Forearm fractures are common injuries that can affect both bones—the radius and ulna—or occur in isolation. They result from falls, direct trauma, or high-energy accidents and present with pain, deformity, and restricted motion. Diagnosis is made through clinical examination and imaging, with treatment tailored to the type and severity of fracture. While non-operative management may be sufficient in children or simple, non-displaced fractures, most adult cases require surgical fixation to ensure anatomical alignment and early functional recovery.